CR, French medaille; Celts, Gallic, Arverni, 130mm, 1275gr, coin

Description

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Numismatic Medals
This contemporary French medaille has been minted to commemorate the gold coin of the Celtic tribe, ARVERNI, II - I century BC.
This medal has been designed minted in 125 pieces.
This one has the number 3/125 on the rim.
The
Celts
(
/ˈkɛlts/
, occasionally
/ˈsɛlts/
, see
pronunciation of
Celtic
) were people in
Iron Age
and
Medieval
Europe who spoke
Celtic languages
and had cultural similarities, although the relationship between ethnic, linguistic and cultural factors in the Celtic world remains uncertain and controversial. The exact geographic spread of the ancient Celts is also disputed; in particular, the ways in which the Iron Age inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland should be regarded as Celts has become a subject of controversy.
diameter – 130 mm, (ca 5⅛”)
weight – 1275 gr, (45 oz)
metal – bronze, mint patina
Arverni
(Arverni
in
Latin)
is one of 54
Gallic tribes
present in Gaul from the seventh to the
first century BC.
J.-C. . Ils vivaient dans la région
Auvergne
et lui ont légué leur nom.
AD. They lived in the region
Auvergne
and bequeathed their name.
Du fait de leurs ressources en or, argent, bronze et de leur maîtrise de la métallurgie, et de l'artisanat, les Arvernes,
peuple celte ou celtisé
du
Massif central
, sont parmi les plus riches et les plus nombreux des Gaulois, avec au moins quatre oppidums dominant la plaine.
Because of their gold resources, silver, bronze and their mastery of the metallurgy and handicrafts, the Arverni,
Celtic or celtisé people
of
the Massif Central,
are among the richest and most numerous of the Gauls, with at oppidums least four dominating the plain.
Ils ont formé une puissante confédération avec plusieurs peuples voisins qui étaient clients ou tributaires.
They formed a powerful confederation with several neighboring peoples who were customers or tributaries.
L'un des 6 peuples battant monnaie et carrefour des échanges est-ouest et nord-sud, les Arvernes offrent leur protection à plusieurs peuples alentour et sont réputés pour leurs chevaux rapides et leur cavalerie, d'après
Jules César
dans son ouvrage d'histoire
Commentaires sur la Guerre des Gaules
.
Vercingétorix
rassemble dans la plus grande alliance gauloise de l'époque quelque 30 peuples gaulois contre le général
Jules César
en 53 av.
One of six people beating currency and the crossroads of East-West trade and north-south, the Arverni offer protection to many surrounding peoples and are known for their fast horses and cavalry, from
Julius Caesar
in his book of History
Comments on the Gallic Wars.
Vercingetorix
brings in the largest alliance of the Gallic era some 30 Gallic peoples against General
Julius Caesar
in 53 BC.
J.-C. Il en est le chef, et réclame, en gage d'allégeance, des otages, fils des chefs des autres peuples gaulois, pour s'assurer de leur loyauté.
BC He is the head, and calls in Pledge of Allegiance, hostages, son of the leaders of the other Gallic peoples, to ensure their loyalty.
La victoire de Vercingétorix lors du
siège de Gergovie
permet aux troupes Arvernes et alliées de poursuivre les
Romains
vers le nord.
The victory of Vercingetorix at the
siege of Gergovie
allows Arvernes and allied troops to pursue the
Romans
to the north.
Mais les alliances gauloises de
Jules César
, déjà vainqueur des peuples gaulois Helvètes et Belges (58 à 52 av. J.-C.) puis l'apport de cavaliers
Germains
contribuent à isoler Vercingétorix.
But the Gallic alliance of
Julius Caesar,
already winner of the Gauls and Belgians Helvètes (58-52 BC.) And input from riders
Germans
contribute to isolate Vercingetorix.
Le
siège d'Alésia
, où Vercingétorix a du se retrancher en 52 av.
The
siege of Alesia
where Vercingetorix had to take refuge in 52 BC.
J.-C., est la plus grande bataille de la guerre des Gaules, où s'affrontent un grand nombre de soldats (on a avancé le chiffre de 600 000, peu vraisemblable pour les ressources humaines et alimentaires l'époque - à titre de comparaison la bataille d'Austerlitz a engagé 150 000 hommes).
AD is the biggest battle of the Gallic War, when many soldiers clash (we put the figure at 600 000, unlikely for human food resources and the time - as comparing the battle of Austerlitz hired 150,000 men).
Vercingétorix disposait en tout cas de plusieurs dizaines des milliers de combattants (mais le chiffre de 450 000 est avancé) et attendait des renforts des peuples gaulois soulevés, en particulier de l'arc atlantique et de l'ouest.
Vercingetorix had anyway tens of thousands of fighters (but the figure of 450 000 is advanced) and waited for reinforcements of Gauls raised, particularly the Atlantic Arc and the west.
Ceux-ci, arrivant trois mois trop tard, laissent aux légionnaires de
Jules César
, eux aussi quelques dizaines de milliers probablement, le temps de construire 14 lignes de défense et des pièges mortels autour d'Alesia (les chiffres de 50 000 légionnaires romains et de 120 000 alliés gaulois et mercenaires sont avancés).
These, coming three months too late, let the legionaries of
Julius Caesar,
too few tens of thousands likely time to build 14 lines of defense and deadly traps around Alesia (the figures of 50,000 Roman legionnaires and 120,000 of Gallic mercenaries and allies are advanced).
La bataille dure près de deux mois : Vercingétorix et les chefs de l'ouest manquent à quatre reprises de faire jonction, après avoir traversé les 14 lignes de pièges et fortins et laissé des milliers de morts sur le terrain.
The battle lasted nearly two months
Vercingetorix
and heads west missing four times to junction, after crossing the 14 lines of traps and bunkers and left thousands dead on the ground.
Après le retrait des tribus gauloises de l'ouest, Vercingétorix décide de sauver les 60 000 survivants d'Alesia en se livrant à
Jules César
, en échange de la vie et de la liberté de ces hommes, femmes et enfants.
After removal of the Gaulish tribes from the west, Vercingetorix decided to save the 60,000 survivors of Alesia by engaging in
Julius Caesar
in exchange for the lives and freedom of these men, women and children.
Toujours selon des décomptes issus des sources romaines, mais probablement très exagérés, près d'un million de Gaulois tombent dans les guerres des Gaules et plus d'un million sont réduits en esclavage, enrichissant considérablement Rome.
Always according to statements from the Roman sources, but probably very exaggerated, almost a million Gauls fall into the Gallic wars and over a million are enslaved, greatly enriching Rome.
Les historiens pensent que les Gaules nourrissaient à l'époque au maximum 6 à 10 millions d'habitants, dont environ 400 000 Arvernes agriculteurs, céramistes, métallurgistes, éleveurs, guerriers et aristocrates, dont Vercingétorix, Luernos et Bituitos.
Historians believe that the Gauls ate back then than 6 to 10 million people, including about 400,000 Arvernes farmers, potters, metal workers, farmers, warriors and aristocrats, including
Vercingetorix
, and Luernos Bituitos.
Parmi ces chefs,
Epasnactos
ainsi que
Gobannitio
, le propre oncle de Vercingétorix, se sont ralliés à la domination romaine et ont refusé de se joindre à ce dernier, ce qui augmente le doute sur les chiffres cités.
Among these leaders,
Epasnactos
and
Gobannitio,
clean uncle Vercingetorix rallied to Roman rule and refused to join the latter, increasing doubt on the figures quoted.
Les Arvernes ont créé et développé plusieurs capitales successives, toutes placées dans la plaine de la
Limagne
, à proximité de l'
Allier
.
The Arverni have created and developed several successive capitals, all placed in the plain of
Limagne,
close to the
Allier.
La première capitale des Arvernes est une vaste agglomération (au moins 35 000 habitants) bâtie vers 300 av.
The first capital of the Arverni is a large urban area (at least 35 000 inhabitants) built around 300 BC.
J.-C., située à
Aulnat
.
AD located at
Aulnat.
Elle est remplacée à la fin du
II
e
siècle av.
It is replaced century BC to
the
late second.
J.-C. par l'
oppidum de Corent
.
AD by the
oppidum of Corent.
Il est aussi probable que la capitale des Arvernes ait été pendant quelques décennies l'
oppidum de Gergovie
, à l'ouest de Clermont-Ferrand, où serait né Vercingétorix.
It is also likely that the capital of the Arverni was for several decades the
oppidum Gergovie,
west of Clermont-Ferrand, where Vercingetorix was born.
Nemossos est une autre ville Arverne, batie sur une
caldeira
volcanique, qui sera qualifiée par le géographe
Strabon
, au début du
I
er
siècle av.
Nemossos is another city Arverne, built on a
caldera
volcano, which is described by the geographer
Strabo
in the early first
century BC.
J.-C. , de « métropole » des Arvernes.
AD, the "metropolis" of the Arverni.
À la suite de la victoire de
Jules César
à Alesia, cette ville devient
Nemetum
, avant d'être renommée
Augustonemetum
en l'honneur de l'empereur Auguste : preuve de son importance stratégique à l'époque gallo-romaine.
Following the victory of
Julius Caesar
at Alesia, this city becomes
Nemetum
before being renamed
Augustonemetum
in honor of Emperor Augustus: evidence of its strategic importance in the Gallo-Roman era.
C'est l'origine de la future agglomération de
Clermont-Ferrand
, où de nombreuses villas Gallo-Romaines ont été trouvées et où les fouilles se poursuivent.
This is the origin of the future agglomeration of
Clermont-Ferrand,
where many Gallo-Roman villas were found and where excavations are continuing.
Les fouilles actuellement menées sur les différents sites arvernes ont permis des découvertes exceptionnelles récentes :
The excavations being conducted on various sites have allowed arvernes recent exceptional discoveries:
sépultures collectives de chevaux et de cavaliers liées à la guerre de -52 ;
collective graves of horses and riders related to -52 war;
enceinte religieuse destinée aux banquets ;
religious enclosure for banquets;
œuvres d'
évergètisme
de la part des rois arvernes ;
works of
public benefaction
from the arvernes kings;
temples, hémicycle
laténien
, mobilier monétaire et restes d'offrandes (ossements animaux et
amphores
).
temples, hemicycle
laténien,
monetary furniture and remnants of offerings (animal bones and
amphorae).
The
Gauls are all the peoples
protohistorical
inhabiting
Gaul,
as it was defined by
Julius Caesar.
Hormis les
Aquitains
, ils se rattachaient à la
civilisation celtique
, jusqu'à ce que les processus d'acculturation liés au commerce et à la conquête romaine, n'en fassent des
gallo-romains
.
Apart from the
Aquitaine,
they were connected with the
Celtic civilization,
until the acculturation processes related to trade and the Roman conquest, will forbear from
Gallo-Roman.
Les Gaulois étaient composés de nombreux peuples qui se comprenaient, et pensaient descendre d'une même souche dont ils connaissaient la généalogie.
The Gauls were composed of many peoples who understood and believed descended from the same stock they knew the genealogy.
À ces liens de filiation, réels ou mythiques, qui leur créaient des obligations de solidarité, s'ajoutaient des alliances qui mettaient certains d'entre eux dans la clientèle d'un autre pour former des fédérations comme celles des
Arvernes
et des
Éduens
.
At these parentage, real or mythical, that created their solidarity obligations, were added alliances that put some of them into customers of another to form federations such as those of the
Arverni
and
AEdui.
Chacun de ces peuples était divisé en
civitates
, identifiées par un chef-lieu et un territoire, appelé en latin
pagus
, lui-même subdivisé en
vicus
, correspondant à peu près aux cantons, en France, par exemple.
Each of these people was divided into
civitates,
identified by a capital and a territory, known in Latin
pagus,
itself divided into
vicus,
corresponding roughly to the cantons in France, for example.
Les civilisations gauloises sont rattachées, en
archéologie
, pour l'essentiel, à la civilisation celtique de
La Tène
(du nom d'un site découvert au bord du
lac de Neuchâtel
, en Suisse).
The Gallic civilizations are linked, in
archeology,
in the main, to the Celtic civilization of
La Tene
(named after a site discovered on the shores of
Lake Neuchatel,
Switzerland).
La civilisation de la Tène s'épanouit sur le continent au Second
âge du fer
(Tène I), et disparut en
Irlande
durant le haut
Moyen Âge
(Tène IV).
La Tene civilization flourished on the continent to the Second
Iron Age
(La Tene I) and disappeared in
Ireland
during the high
Middle Ages
(Tene IV).
The
Celts
(
/ˈkɛlts/
, occasionally
/ˈsɛlts/
, see
pronunciation of
Celtic
) were people in
Iron Age
and
Medieval
Europe who spoke
Celtic languages
and had cultural similarities, although the relationship between ethnic, linguistic and cultural factors in the Celtic world remains uncertain and controversial. The exact geographic spread of the ancient Celts is also disputed; in particular, the ways in which the Iron Age inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland should be regarded as Celts has become a subject of controversy.
The history of
pre-Celtic
Europe remains very uncertain. According to one theory, the common root of the Celtic languages, a language known as
Proto-Celtic
, arose in the Late Bronze Age
Urnfield
culture of Central Europe, which flourished from around 1200 BC. In addition, according to a theory proposed in the 19th century, the first people to adopt cultural characteristics regarded as Celtic were the people of the Iron Age
Hallstatt culture
in central Europe (c. 800–450 BC), named for the rich grave finds in
Hallstatt
, Austria. Thus this area is sometimes called the 'Celtic homeland'. By or during the later
La Tène
period (c. 450 BC up to the Roman conquest), this Celtic culture was supposed to have expanded by
diffusion
or
migration
to the
British Isles
(
Insular Celts
), France and
The Low Countries
(
Gauls
),
Bohemia
, Poland and much of Central Europe, the
Iberian Peninsula
(
Celtiberians
,
Celtici
,
Lusitanians
and
Gallaeci
) and
northern Italy
(
Golaseccans
and
Cisalpine Gauls
) and, following the
Gallic invasion of the Balkans
in 279 BC, as far east as central
Anatolia
(
Galatians
).
Origins
The
Celtic languages
form a branch of the larger
Indo-European family
. By the time speakers of Celtic languages enter history around 400 BC, they were already split into several language groups, and spread over much of Western continental Europe, the
Iberian Peninsula
, Ireland and Britain.
Some scholars think that the
Urnfield culture
of Western
Middle Europe
represents an origin for the Celts as a distinct cultural branch of the Indo-European family. This culture was preeminent in central Europe during the late
Bronze Age
, from
c.
1200 BC until 700 BC, itself following the
Unetice
and
Tumulus cultures
. The Urnfield period saw a dramatic increase in population in the region, probably due to innovations in technology and
agricultural practices
. The Greek historian
Ephoros
of Cyme in
Asia Minor
, writing in the 4th century BC, believed that the Celts came from the islands off the mouth of the
Rhine
and were "driven from their homes by the frequency of wars and the violent rising of the sea".